Clear Roads has published its fourth Annual Survey of State Winter Maintenance Data, which compiles data on winter resources, materials and costs from 35 states for the 2017-2018 winter season. The spreadsheet-based tool includes a United States map that displays many of these metrics. The tool includes four years of data, and displays averages and changes across winter seasons. See the project page.
Meetings and Events | News | Research Reports | Research in Progress
2019 APWA North American Snow Conference
The American Public Works Association will host the 2019 APWA North American Snow Conference May 19-22 in Salt Lake City, Utah. The annual conference features presentations from snow and ice professionals and an exhibit hall of winter maintenance solutions. Details.
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2019 Snow & Ice Symposium
The Snow & Ice Management Association will host the 22nd Annual Snow & Ice Symposium June 25-28 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The symposium features workshops, classes, a trade show and a field operators training day. Details.
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“Weather Responsive-Management Strategies”
Innovator, January/February 2019
The Every Day Counts round five (EDC-5) initiative promotes the adoption of weather-responsive management strategies to increase effectiveness of traffic operations and maintenance in adverse weather conditions. This article highlights Michigan DOT’s Weather-Responsive Traveler Information System and local technology investments in West Des Moines, Iowa. Article.
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Developing a Training Video and Manual for Best Practices and Techniques in Clearing Different Interchange Configurations and Other Geometric Layouts
Clear Roads Project 14-03
This project involved researching and documenting current snow removal practices used by transportation agencies to determine the most efficient practices for clearing various interchange and intersection geometries. Researchers used these best practices and techniques to develop a training video and manual. Project page.
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Winter Maintenance at the TRB Annual Meeting
Clear Roads has published our annual compilation of papers on winter maintenance that were presented at the 2019 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. The 2019 compilation includes links to 25 papers grouped into six categories, covering a wide range of winter maintenance issues. Report.
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Development of the Nebraska Department of Transportation Winter Severity Index
Nebraska DOT
Researchers developed a winter severity index for the state of Nebraska (NEWINS) to capture atmospheric conditions across the diverse regions of the state. NEWINS uses a categorical storm classification framework that can help transportation personnel efficiently allocate resources during adverse weather events while balancing safety, mobility and available budget. Report.
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Evaluation of the Effects of Deicers on Concrete Durability
Wisconsin DOT
This study identified the different deicing and anti-icing materials used in Wisconsin and how they adversely affect concrete durability. Based on study results, researchers recommended that WisDOT continue prewetting and anti-icing practices; strive to reduce salt application through equipment updates, training and optimization; and explore blends of rock salt and other materials. Report.
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Pavement Surface Treatments for Ice-Prone Locations in the Illinois Highway System
Illinois DOT
This project sought to identify effective built-in pavement surface treatments suitable for implementation at ice-prone locations. Although several technologies showed promise, researchers identified concerns with high implementation costs and uncertain long-term effectiveness, and determined that field deployment would be premature. Report.
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Operational Data to Assess Mobility and Crash Experience During Winter Conditions
Iowa DOT
Researchers demonstrated how integrating data from maintenance and traffic sources could help Iowa DOT better understand winter conditions before, during and after crash events. Data analysis could help the agency identify trends and evaluate opportunities for operational improvements. Report.
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Developing Friction Data to Support the Optimal Use of Pre-Wet Deicing Salt for Enhanced Winter Mobility
Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education
University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Researchers used laboratory tests to investigate the effects of prewetting product type, prewetting ratio, and application rate of prewet deicing salt on the friction performance of deiced asphalt pavement. Report.
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A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach to the Location of Road Weather Information System in New York State
Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems
Researchers proposed a methodology to optimize new locations for road weather information system (RWIS) stations in New York, accounting for multiple objectives: optimizing coverage for high-traffic roads, multiple geographic areas, and areas with high winter crash rates. Paper.
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Evaluation of a Collision Avoidance and Mitigation System (CAMS) on Winter Maintenance Trucks
Michigan DOT
Researchers evaluated a prototype collision avoidance and mitigation system designed to reduce rear-end collisions with winter maintenance trucks. The system uses radar to monitor traffic behind the truck and activates a warning light bar if an encroaching vehicle is detected. Report.
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Road Weather Information Systems for Winter Road Maintenance
University Transportation Research Center – Region 2
Two RWIS forecasting models were analyzed to determine their effectiveness in predicting pavement surface temperature. Accurate data can help facilitate better winter maintenance planning and decision making. Report.
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Role of Route Optimization in Benefiting Winter Maintenance Operations
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
This study examined Ohio DOT’s snowplow truck fleet and plow routes to determine optimal routes and fleet size. Based on the analysis, researchers developed a tool to determine the minimum number of trucks needed to clear roadways, assign assets to specific facilities and optimize routes for each truck. Paper and report.
Evaluate New Equipment or Technology Available for Roadside Fleet Repair
Ohio DOT
This project will evaluate technology and tools that could be used to make roadside repairs to the equipment in Ohio DOT’s fleet (such as changing flat tires), with an emphasis on mechanic safety and cost-effectiveness. Project description.
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LED Snowplow Lights
New Hampshire DOT
The NHDOT snowplow fleet currently uses halogen lights for nighttime snowplowing operations. This study aims to evaluate and compare the use of halogen lights with LED lights to determine whether the use of LED lights reduces maintenance requirements, increases service life and improves operator visibility. Project description.
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Increasing Safety of Winter Weather Operations
Texas DOT
Researchers will evaluate lights, signs and other devices to determine which are the most effective at making snowplow trucks more visible, with a goal of reducing rear-end collisions. Project description.
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Development of an Intelligent Snowplow Truck That Integrates Telematics Technology, Roadway Sensors, and Connected Vehicles
Indiana DOT
This project will leverage spreader/plow data from fleet trucks to monitor how winter operation assets are deployed, construct performance measure charts and identify best practices for material application rates. Project description.
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Road Weather Information Systems Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Aurora Pooled Fund
This project will develop guidelines for determining long-term life-cycle costs for road weather information systems (RWIS). Researchers will assess the optimal point for agencies to replace RWIS components and examine replacement/repair costs, especially for rapidly evolving technology. Project description.
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Meetings and Events | News | Research Reports | Research in Progress
2018 Road Weather Management Stakeholder Meeting (FHWA)
FHWA will host the 2018 Road Weather Management Stakeholder Meeting September 18-20 in Louisville, Kentucky. The meeting provides a venue for peer exchange between the transportation and weather communities, including state DOTs, local agencies, academia, vendors, weather service providers (public and private), and consultants. Details.
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“Everyone’s a Scientist: Plow Operator Feedback Is the Right Formula,” Roads and Bridges, June 2018
This article discusses the importance of incorporating observational methods when conducting studies on the performance of deicers and roadway snow removal best practices. Article.
Training Video for the Implementation of Liquid-Only Plow Routes 
Clear Roads Project 16-06
While some agencies have used liquid-only plow routes with great success, others are unable to secure the buy-in needed to implement this practice. This project produced informational and training videos designed to help state DOTs garner support for and accelerate the implementation of liquid-only plow routes. Project page.
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Emergency Operations Methodology for Extreme Winter Storm Events 
Clear Roads Project 16-04
An extreme winter storm event can require coordination across multiple agencies and jurisdictions. This project developed six case studies and recommendations that state DOTs can use to improve their response plans and develop more efficient, flexible approaches to ensuring public safety during intense winter storms. Project page.
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Development of a Road Condition Recovery Time Estimation System for Winter Snow Events
Minnesota DOT
Researchers further developed a system that uses data from existing traffic control infrastructure and weather stations combined with complex computer algorithms to estimate when road conditions have recovered from a snow event. Report.
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Winter Roadway Maintenance Material Enhancers (Field) Evaluation 
Pennsylvania DOT
Performance testing and cost analysis were conducted for four deicer products and two references (rock salt and salt brine). The deicers were evaluated through parking lot tests and real-time road tests. Field performance data was compared with previous lab test results for the same products. Report.
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Catastrophic Icefall Hazard Assessment, Avoidance Procedures & Mitigations Strategies: Phase II – Site Specific Studies 
Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities
To better understand icefall hazards and mitigate the risk of impact along state highways, researchers examined seven at-risk roadway sites. They completed preliminary icefall hazard technical evaluations and risk assessments, developed key predictive indicators, and recommended mitigation solutions for consideration. Report.
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Bioindication of Road Salting Impact on Norway Spruce 
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, March 2018
Researchers in the Czech Republic studied the damage potential of using deicing salts near Norway spruce trees situated next to roadways. They determined the degree of contamination by assessing the sodium and chloride ion concentrations found in the needles of first- and second-year trees at the test sites. Abstract.
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Ultra-Thin Bonded Wearing Course (UTBWC) Snow, Ice, and Wind Effects
Minnesota DOT
Ultra-thin bonded wearing courses (UTBWC) are a pavement treatment that can be used as a preventive maintenance option or surface rehabilitation technique. This synthesis report explores agencies’ experience with snow and ice control on UTBWC surfaces. Report.
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Structural Design and Lifecycle Assessment of Heated Pavement Using Conductive Asphalt
Journal of Infrastructure Systems, September 2018
This study aimed to find an efficient structural design for a heated pavement system using asphalt concrete containing graphite filler. A life-cycle cost analysis indicated that the pavement’s high initial installation cost would eventually be recouped by a substantial reduction in maintenance costs. Paper.
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Review of Ice-Pavement Adhesion Study and Development of Hydrophobic Surface in Pavement Deicing 
Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, June 2018
This paper provides an overview of research efforts to develop a hydrophobic pavement surface that would repel ice. Researchers also reviewed studies on the mechanism of ice adhesion and its effect on pavement surfaces. Paper.
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Experimental Study of High-Performance Deicing Asphalt Mixture for Mechanical Performance and Anti-Icing Effectiveness 
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, August 2018
This study aimed to design a high-performance deicing asphalt mixture that incorporates a deicing agent and a high-performance modifier. While increasing the amount of deicing agent in the asphalt mixture increased the deicing effectiveness, it also degraded the mechanical performance. To counter this effect, researchers added a high-performance modifier to the mixture, which helped improve mechanical performance without impacting the deicing effectiveness. Abstract.
Aftermarket Cameras in Winter Maintenance Vehicles 
Clear Roads Project 17-03
The goal of this project is to provide guidance to transportation agencies seeking to begin using, or to expand their current use of, aftermarket cameras installed on winter maintenance vehicles. Project description.
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Integrating Advanced Technologies into Winter Operations Decisions
Clear Roads Project 17-01
This project will develop systems-level guidance on the advanced technologies available to evaluate road conditions and how to integrate these technologies into a successful winter maintenance operations strategy. Project description.
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Reducing Winter Maintenance Equipment Fuel Consumption Using Advanced Vehicle Data Analytics 
Minnesota DOT
This research builds on MnDOT’s existing work in vehicle powertrain and routing co-optimization (VPRO) to harness large quantities of vehicle data to improve snowplow fuel consumption and lower operating costs. Project description.
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Evaluate Opportunities to Provide Training Simulation for ODOT Snow and Ice Drivers 
Ohio DOT
ODOT will evaluate cost-effective simulation training methods for new snowplow operators. The ideal simulator training would allow operators to experience diverse winter driving conditions before plowing their first snow event. Project description.
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Evaluation of Our Current and Other Available Anti-Icing/De-Icing Products Under Controlled Environmental Conditions to Test Effectiveness 
Indiana DOT
Researchers will review available information to evaluate the effectiveness and environmental impacts of available anti-icing and deicing products. The expected project deliverables include recommendations on the most cost-effective anti-icing and deicing products. Project description.
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Non-invasive Road Sensors in Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS) and AVL Systems
Minnesota DOT
This project will implement non-invasive road temperature and road condition sensors at three RWIS locations in Minnesota. Unlike embedded sensors that require replacement after road construction or maintenance projects, the non-invasive sensors are attached to RWIS towers or poles near the roadway and use laser technology to read the road surface temperature and condition. Project description.
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Road Weather Messaging on Dynamic Message Signs (DMS)
Minnesota DOT
MnDOT will explore how to use dynamic message signs tied to real-time weather services and roadside weather sensors in order to display more timely and accurate reports for the traveling public. Project description.
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Meetings and Events | Recent Publications | Research Reports | Research in Progress
AASHTO Committee on Maintenance Annual Meeting
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Committee on Maintenance will hold its annual meeting July 21 to 26 in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Winter Maintenance Policy Coordination Committee, which serves as the steering committee for the Snow and Ice Pooled Fund Cooperative Program (SICOP), will also meet at this event. Details.
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Sustainable Winter Road Operations, March 2018 
This recently published book addresses a wide range of winter maintenance issues and includes contributions from several Clear Roads investigators. The book provides a comprehensive overview of best practices in sustainable winter road operations currently in use around the world. Topics include materials, processes, equipment, weather services, safety, mobility, strategic planning and performance measures. Book description.
“Liquids: Why You Have Always Used Them,” APWA Reporter, April 2018
Prewetting is a common practice to increase the ice-melting effects of road salt. This article discusses the importance of adding liquids to road salt and provides suggestions on how to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the process. Article.
The Effect of Additives on the Low Temperature Ice-Melting Capacity of NaCl 
Transportation Research Record, April 2018
Researchers in Norway used a custom-made calorimeter to study the effect of additives on the low temperature ice-melting capacity of sodium chloride (NaCl). Magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium formate, calcium magnesium acetate, and sugar were added to NaCl at −18°C. The chemicals were also tested individually. Paper.
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Experimental Study on Anti-icing and Deicing Performance of Polyurethane Concrete as Road Surface Layer 
Construction and Building Materials, February 2018
In this study, researchers in China investigated the deicing and anti-icing performance of polyurethane concrete pavement surface layers. Laboratory test results showed that polyurethane concrete has greater specific heat than asphalt concrete and can significantly retard ice formation. Abstract.
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Investigating Frost Heave Deterioration at Pavement Joint Locations 
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, April 2018
Frost heave can cause severe joint deterioration in concrete pavements. Researchers investigated the frost actions of deteriorated pavements, used temperature sensors embedded in pavements to determine local freeze-thaw conditions, and evaluated the frost-heave and thaw-weakening susceptibility of three pavement foundation materials. Abstract.
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Investigation of Alternative Deicers for Snow and Ice Control 
Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates, University of Alaska Fairbanks
This research investigated the performance of potassium succinate (KSu) as an alternative deicing agent to sodium chloride (NaCl). Laboratory tests showed that KSu functions as a deicing agent only at -5°C (23°F) or higher, and has a slightly lower ice-melting rate and similar friction performance compared with NaCl. Report.
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Estimating the Application Rate for Liquid Chloride Products Based on Residual Salt Concentration on Pavement
Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates, University of Alaska Fairbanks 
Researchers conducted laboratory tests to determine the level of chloride left behind from salt brine used on asphalt and concrete pavements after snowplowing. Less chloride was found on asphalt pavement than on concrete, and more chloride was present on both types of pavements in warmer temperatures. Report.
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Assessment of Joints in Concrete Pavements Exposed to Different Winter Conditions 
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, April 2018
Deicing salt solutions applied to roads can contribute to premature deterioration in areas adjacent to joints in concrete pavements, although the root causes are not fully understood. Researchers in Canada found that deterioration on regional roads was caused by a combination of physical and chemical factors due to interactions between salts, freeze-thaw cycles, and the pavement. Abstract.
Accumulated Winter Season Severity Index (AWSSI) Enhancements in Support of Winter Road Maintenance 
Clear Roads Project 16-02
The Accumulated Winter Season Severity Index (AWSSI) is a straightforward, publicly available tool developed by the University of Illinois using non-proprietary national data that is available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Researchers will enhance and modify the tool to allow for historical and current winter data comparison and provide better correlation of winter severity index to winter maintenance costs. Project description.
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Expanding Landowner Adoption of Snow Control Measures to Improve Public Safety and Achieve Cost Savings Through a Better Understanding of Landowner Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices 
Minnesota DOT
This research aims to reduce blowing and drifting snow problems by working with and understanding landowners’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on the issue. Researchers will design an outreach plan to promote greater adoption of snow fences to improve public safety and increase cost savings. Project description.
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Reducing Winter Maintenance Equipment Fuel Consumption Using Advanced Vehicle Data Analytics
Minnesota DOT
This research will explore how in-use vehicle data can be used to help reduce snowplow vehicle fuel consumption and lower operating costs. Project description.
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Meetings and Events | News | Research Reports | Research in Progress
2018 Snow and Ice Show 
The Snow and Ice Show will be held May 1-3 at the Connecticut Convention Center in Hartford. The trade-show-style conference provides networking opportunities and educational programming focused on the modern principles of successful snow and ice management. Details.
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2018 APWA North American Snow Conference
The 2018 APWA North American Snow Conference will be held May 6-9 in Indianapolis. The annual conference features presentations from snow and ice professionals and an exhibit hall of winter maintenance solutions. Details.
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2018 Snowfighters Conference
Pacific Northwest Snowfighters (PNS) will host its 2018 conference in Spokane, Washington, June 5-6. PNS has become nationally recognized as a leader in establishing and standardizing chemical products for snow and ice control. The conference will focus on training, education and new technology for the snowfighting professional. Details.
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Annual Eastern Snow Conference Meeting
The 2018 Annual Eastern Snow Conference Meeting will be held June 5-8 in College Park, Maryland. The annual conference features presentations from snow and ice professionals and an exhibit hall of winter maintenance solutions. Details.
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“Clear Conditions,” Roads & Bridges, February 2018
Clear Roads’ recent project to develop a snowplow operator and supervisor training program was featured in the February issue of Roads & Bridges. The project created a standard winter maintenance training curriculum addressing all aspects of a plow driver’s experience. The 22 training modules are available to any agency at no cost. Article.
“What Gets Measured Gets Managed,” APWA Reporter, March 2018
A dedicated office coordinator’s initiative to log salt use and truck operating hours for plow drivers led to an informal salt management process. The openly shared data encouraged plow drivers to participate in a friendly competition, which resulted in more efficient salt use for a Michigan agency. Article.
Identification and Recommendations for Correction of Equipment Factors Causing Fatigue in Snowplow Operators
Clear Roads Report 15-02 
Researchers identified in-cab and external equipment factors that cause operator fatigue and made recommendations to reduce, eliminate or correct these factors. The project produced actionable and implementable improvements able to be applied to snowplow trucks. Project page.
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Quantifying the Impact that New Capital Projects Will Have on Roadway Snow and Ice Control Operations
Clear Roads Report 14-02
Researchers developed a software tool to estimate increased costs of roadway snow and ice control operations required for new roadway additions and configurations. These costs can then be considered during the planning process for new road projects. Project page.
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Winter Maintenance at the 2018 TRB Annual Meeting
Clear Roads has published our annual compendium of papers on winter maintenance that were presented at the 2018 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. The 2018 compendium includes abstracts for 19 papers grouped into six categories, covering a wide range of winter maintenance issues. Report.
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Evaluation of Disodium Succinate Hexahydrate as an Alternative Deicer
TRB Annual Meeting Paper 18-01002
Researchers in Japan evaluated disodium succinate hexahydrate (DSH) as an alternative to sodium chloride for use as a deicer. Laboratory and field test results for sodium chloride/DSH mixtures were promising, especially in limiting steel corrosion and environmental effects. Researchers recommended that DSH be used in liquid form as a prewetting agent or liquid deicer. Abstract and paper (requires TRB login).
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Cost–Benefit Analysis of Using the Tow Plow for Winter Maintenance
TRB Annual Meeting Paper 18-0109 
Researchers analyzed equipment fleet configurations to identify cost and time saving benefits from using tow plows. Adding tow plows to the fleet with less use of regular plows resulted in cost savings and helped clear roadways faster. Abstract and Paper (requires TRB login).
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Guidelines to Facilitate the Evaluation of Brines for Winter Roadway Maintenance Operations
Texas Department of Transportation 
These guidelines are designed to facilitate the evaluation of brines for winter maintenance applications in Texas. Texas DOT maintenance professionals can use the guide to support decision making on the best brines to use based on availability, effectiveness, environmental impact, field performance and cost. Report.
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Evaluation and Analysis of Liquid Deicers for Winter Maintenance
Ohio Department of Transportation 
Eight different types of liquid deicers were evaluated on their performance in the field and laboratory. Researchers tested the effectiveness of the deicers under various temperature, environmental and roadway conditions. Optimal liquid deicer practices were recommended based on the evaluation results. Report.
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Field Usage of Alternative Deicers for Snow and Ice Control
Minnesota Department of Transportation 
This report reviews the non-chloride-based deicers available on the market, including acetate-, formate-, glycol- and succinate-based deicing products. Researchers explored the feasibility of using non-chloride deicers as alternatives to chloride-based ones, and identified next steps to determine the viability of using non-chloride-based deicers in winter maintenance operations by MnDOT and local snow and ice removal providers. Report.
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Guidelines on Selection and Use of Snow and Ice Control Materials
Texas Department of Transportation 
This document presents guidelines for the selection of snow and ice control materials for winter weather roadway maintenance applications in Texas. Texas DOT maintenance professionals can use the guide to help them address the challenges of winter roadway maintenance and provide safer and more reliable transportation solutions for Texas drivers. Report.
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Study of Deicing Salt Accumulation and Transport Through a Watershed
Minnesota Department of Transportation 
Researchers studied chloride transport through surface water runoff and soil infiltration in a Minnesota metro area watershed. Chloride levels were monitored over three years, with results characterizing how weather influences chloride transport and accumulation processes as well as the residence time of chloride in watersheds. Researchers used the results to develop chloride pollution mitigation strategies. Report.
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Anti-Icing of Road Surfaces Using Hydronic Heating Pavement with Low Temperature, Cold Regions Science and Technology, January 2018 
Researchers in Sweden investigated the anti-icing performance and effectiveness of a Hydronic Heating Pavement method which uses pipes embedded in the road to mitigate slippery road conditions. Results showed improved performance when the pipes are placed closer together, the depth of embedded pipes is reduced, large pipe sizes are used and when the road surface has a lower emissivity value. Paper.
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Dynamic Heat Load Calculation of a Bridge Anti-Icing System, Applied Thermal Engineering, January 2018 
Before using a thermal anti-icing system to treat icy bridge decks, the surface temperature must be accurately measured. Researchers in China developed an inverse heat conduction method to determine the dynamic heat load of a bridge heating system. The calculations were then validated using control algorithms. Paper.
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Standard Specifications for Plow Blades with Carbide Inserts
Clear Roads Project 17-04 
The goal of this project is to develop a set of standard specifications that can be used by agencies across the country to specify carbide-insert plow blades. Having widely accepted specifications could increase buying power for state DOTs and potentially provide cost savings. Project page.
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Relationships Between Weather and Roadway Safety
Iowa Department of Transportation 
Using weather, traffic and crash data from different sources, researchers will analyze the relationship between road weather conditions and the frequency of crash occurrences. They aim to develop crash frequency and severity models to aid agencies in identifying high-risk areas, provide predictive road weather information, design effective safety countermeasures and support decision making for road maintenance priorities. Abstract.
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Assessing the Impact of the ODOT Winter Salt Pilot Project on Neighboring Streams and Groundwater
Oregon Department of Transportation 
This project aims to better understand how chloride from deicers enters Oregon groundwater systems. In addition, researchers plan to develop a deicer application management tool to help predict chloride levels in local stream water. Abstract.
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To be notified when new issues of this newsletter are posted and to receive the latest Clear Roads news and project updates, join our mailing list.
Meetings and Events | News | Research Reports | Research in Progress
2018 Snow and Ice Show
The Snow and Ice Show will be held May 1-3 at the Connecticut Convention Center in Hartford. The trade-show-style conference provides networking opportunities and educational programming focused on the modern principles of successful snow and ice management. Details.
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2018 APWA North American Snow Conference
The 2018 APWA North American Snow Conference will be held May 6-9 in Indianapolis. The annual conference features presentations from snow and ice professionals and an exhibit hall of winter maintenance solutions. Details.
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2018 Snowfighters Conference
Pacific Northwest Snowfighters (PNS) will host its 2018 conference in Spokane, Washington, June 5-6. PNS has become nationally recognized as a leader in establishing and standardizing chemical products for snow and ice control. The conference will focus on training, education and new technology for the snowfighting professional. Details.
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Salt of the Earth: 2018 World Salt Symposium
The Salt Institute will hold the Salt of the Earth: 2018 World Salt Symposium June 19-21 in Park City, Utah. The symposium focuses on the latest research and development in the international salt sector. Salt experts from several countries will present on a wide spectrum of subjects related to sodium chloride salt, water conditioning, winter maintenance and the environment. Details.
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2018 Annual Snow & Ice Symposium
SIMA will hold the 2018 Annual Snow & Ice Symposium June 26-29 in Cleveland, Ohio. The conference offers a two-day trade show and three days of education, networking and activities. Details.
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Clear Roads Annual Survey of Winter Maintenance Data 
The Annual Survey of State Winter Maintenance Data from the 2016-2017 winter season is now available in an interactive map-based spreadsheet. This multi-year Clear Roads project systematically compiles and analyzes a range of materials and cost data from state DOTs. Three years of data are now included. Project page.
2017 Road Weather Management Performance Measures
The Federal Highway Administration’s Road Weather Management Program (RWMP) assesses its progress toward meeting programmatic objectives through established performance measures. This updated report evaluates 27 performance measures of state practices and capabilities in road weather management. Report.
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Guidelines for Deploying Connected Vehicle-Enabled WRTM Strategies
Weather Response Traffic Management (WRTM) strategies are used today to provide travelers with advance notification of hazardous road conditions and appropriate actions that can be taken in response to adverse weather conditions. Connected Vehicle-Enabled WRTM (CV-WRTM) is an approach that leverages the connectivity between transportation structures and vehicles. The Federal Highway Administration’s Road Weather Management Program and Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office published a report providing high-level guidelines for transportation agencies on how they can incorporate road weather connected vehicle data for traffic management operations and decision-making. Report.
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Road Weather Management Capability Maturity Framework Tool
This Federal Highway Administration tool, intended for agencies and regions, evaluates an agency’s ability to effectively manage operations during adverse weather conditions. Once the existing capability levels are determined, a list of concrete actions is created that agencies can use to raise their capabilities to the desired levels. Project page.
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“First Steps Toward Safe and Sustainable Snowfighting,” APWA Reporter, November 2017
In this two-part article series, three basic winter maintenance operations changes are recommended that agencies can implement to become safe and sustainable snowfighters. Step one involves calibrating spreader equipment, which results in using less materials and thus saving costs. The other two steps include replacing steel cutting edges with more effective long-lasting blades and measuring pavement temperature to aid in setting application rates—both changes also resulting in cost savings. Article (see pages 18-19).
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“Second Steps Toward Safe and Sustainable Snowfighting,” APWA Reporter, December 2017
In this second part of the series, this article examines the three most common types of materials agencies use to combat snow and ice: solid rock salt, abrasives, and mixtures of abrasives and rock salt. Which materials and mixtures to use are determined by the level of service that agencies are trying to achieve. Article (see pages 22-23).
“How to Winterize Your Trucks Before the Cold Season Takes Full Effect,” Equipment World, December 2017
This article highlights the importance of using winter-friendly products and inspecting engines and parts to maintain fleets during the winter season. Examples include using a lower-viscosity oil, which can maintain flow in low temperatures, and inspecting coolant systems and radiator hoses before the cold season starts. Article.
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Snowplow Operator and Supervisor Training
Clear Roads
Clear Roads recently completed Project 12-04, which developed a comprehensive snowplow operator and supervisor training program that provides flexibility for states to modify or update the content as needed. The 22-module program covers equipment, materials, techniques and procedures. Details.
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Expanding the Adoption on Private Lands: Blowing-and-Drifting Snow Control Treatments and the Cost Effectiveness of Permanent versus Non-Permanent Treatment Options
Minnesota Department of Transportation
Previous research demonstrated the ability of snow fences to significantly lower costs for MnDOT. Due to the lack of adoption of snow fences to mitigate blowing-and-drifting snow problem areas, this project sought to develop an effective outreach program to promote greater adoption and increase cost savings. Report.
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Evaluation of the GPS/AVL Systems for Snow and Ice Operations Resource Management 
Ohio Department of Transportation
In this project, Ohio Department of Transportation explores methods to increase efficiency and costs of maintenance operations by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) resource management systems. Data gathered from the system helps evaluate the productivity of snowplow drivers and monitor road conditions. Report.
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Salt Brine Blending to Optimize Deicing and Anti-Icing Performance and Cost Effectiveness: Phase III
Minnesota Department of Transportation
This report evaluated factors that impact the effectiveness of deicers and anti-icers when combined with plowing. The treatments were tested in parallel conditions on actual pavements to assess intuitions based on observations and anecdotal evidence. Report.
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Installing Snowplow Cameras and Integrating Images into MnDOT’s Traveler Information System 
Minnesota Department of Transportation
This project aimed to provide near-real-time road images by installing video dash- and ceiling-mounted cameras on 226 Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) snowplows. The cameras, integrated with the onboard mobile data computer/automated vehicle location (MDC/AVL) equipment, automatically captured snapshots of road conditions that provided valuable weather information benefiting MnDOT staff and the traveling public. Report.
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Pilot Testing a Naturalistic Driving Study to Investigate Winter Maintenance Operator Fatigue During Winter Emergencies 
Virginia Tech Transportation Institute
This study pilot-tested the feasibility of evaluating winter maintenance operator fatigue during winter emergencies using naturalistic driving data. Results showed that fatigue was a factor in 33% of safety-critical events, and drivers averaged less sleep during winter emergencies than non-winter emergencies. Report.
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Lifecycle Assessment Using Snowplow Trucks’ Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) Data
Utah Department of Transportation 
This project aims to evaluate and measure the impacts of state funds allocated for replacing aging snowplow trucks. Researchers are also exploring whether real-time automatic vehicle location (AVL) data from UDOT’s snowplow trucks can be used to update the department’s life-cycle model for the trucks. The high-resolution data can help evaluate the department’s current replacement criteria for snowplow trucks (such as age, mileage and condition score) to determine whether the replacement decision is made properly. Project PDF.
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Developing Friction Data to Support the Optimal Use of Pre-wet Deicing Salt for Enhanced Winter Mobility
Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education, University of North Carolina, Charlotte 
This project seeks to understand the influence of prewetting product type, prewetting ratio, and application rate of prewet deicing salt on the friction performance of deiced asphalt pavements. By conducting a customized laboratory testing program and developing a plan for subsequent field tests, the project’s ultimate goal is to generate the data needed to optimize the use of prewet deicing salts for enhanced winter mobility. Abstract.
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Modeling the Macroscopic Effects of Winter Maintenance Operations on Traffic Mobility on Washington Highways
Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Implementing anti-icing strategies combined with smart snowplow technologies has improved the level of service on winter highways. The mobility effects of such best practices, however, remain anecdotal and need to be systematically investigated and quantified. This study lays the foundational work for modeling the macroscopic effects of winter maintenance operations on traffic mobility in the Pacific Northwest, with the first case study conducted on Washington highways. Abstract.
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Meetings and Events | News | Research Reports | Research in Progress
Snow & Ice Symposium
The Snow and Ice Management Association will host the 20th annual Snow & Ice Symposium June 20-23 in Montreal. The symposium will offer concurrent sessions on a variety of winter maintenance topics, including a panel discussion of deicing materials and best practices, along with preconference workshops, networking opportunities and a trade show featuring snow and ice equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Details.
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FHWA 2017 Road Weather Management Stakeholder Meeting
The Federal Highway Administration will host the 2017 Road Weather Management Stakeholder Meeting June 20-22 in Minneapolis. This year’s meeting will focus on sharing road weather management solutions to accelerate deployment, based on work conducted under the Every Day Counts Weather-Savvy Roads initiative. Sessions will be available remotely for those who are unable to attend the meeting. Details.
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AASHTO Subcommittee on Maintenance Annual Meeting
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Subcommittee on Maintenance is preparing for its annual meeting to be held July 29 through August 3 in Providence, Rhode Island. The meeting will feature sessions about snow and ice as well as safety and operational concerns, pooled fund and agency updates, and breakout sessions for technical working groups. AASHTO’s Snow and Ice Pooled Fund Cooperative Program steering committee will hold a preconference meeting July 29. Details.
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2017 National Winter Maintenance Peer Exchange
The AASHTO Snow and Ice Pooled Fund Cooperative Program, Aurora and Clear Roads will co-sponsor the 2017 National Winter Maintenance Peer Exchange September 12-13 in Pittsburgh. This year’s peer exchange will look at implementing winter maintenance research into operations. Attendees will share best practices and also discuss the challenges they face. Details.
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Compendium of TRB Annual Meeting Papers Available Online
Each year, Clear Roads compiles a compendium of papers related to winter maintenance that were presented at the recent Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. The 2017 compendium includes abstracts of more than 20 TRB papers that represent a range of winter maintenance issues, categorized according to the following seven key topics: equipment and facilities, information systems and technology, materials, performance measurement, program management, safety and snow fences. (Access to the complete papers requires a TRB login. For help accessing a paper, contact your DOT or other transportation library.) Compendium.
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Pavement Sensors on ADOT High-Country Roads Detect Icy Conditions
Arizona DOT is using technology at three Interstate 40 locations in higher elevations to help keep the roads free of snow and ice. Pavement sensors are connected to ADOT’s road weather information system locations that use cameras and other instruments to collect data about road conditions. ADOT then uses the data to predict whether ice will form on the highway and help determine if deicing materials are needed in the area. Article.
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Living Snow Fence Effort Wins CTS Research Partnership Award
Minnesota DOT and the University of Minnesota received the Center for Transportation Studies Research Partnership Award for their work using shrub-willows as living snow fences along Minnesota rural highways. In addition to improving driver visibility and road surface conditions, living snow fences may lower road maintenance costs and the number of crashes related to blowing and drifting snow. As part of this effort, researchers developed two online tools: a snow fence design tool and a cost–benefit tool. Article.
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Workshop on Automated Vehicle Location Technology for Winter Maintenance—A Summary
California Department of Transportation Report CA17-3004-1
Automated vehicle location technology is widely used among transportation agencies for a range of applications, including winter maintenance operations. Last year, Caltrans sponsored a two-day peer exchange to share best practices and lessons learned from AVL technology implementation. This report summarizes the findings from the workshop and includes presentations from 11 transportation agencies that provided data on key parameters to consider when using AVL technology for winter maintenance. Report.
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Improving Estimates of Real-Time Traffic Speeds During Weather for Winter Maintenance Performance Measurements
Institute for Transportation Project 13-485
Iowa DOT implements a range of proactive maintenance operations to reduce the impact of winter weather on traffic speeds. This report presents the results of a two-phase study that assessed the performance of these maintenance operations. In the first phase, researchers developed a model for estimating expected speed reductions based on weather variables and normal maintenance schedules. In the second phase, traffic data and limited weather information were used to create models that detected abnormal traffic patterns and predicted traffic speed and volume at any location along a highway network. An online interactive app was developed to inform decisions about winter maintenance. Report.
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A Reduction in Nonfatal-Injury Motor Vehicle Crashes with Anti-Icing Technology
TRB Annual Meeting Paper 17-01570
During the 2005-2006 winter season, Connecticut DOT changed its winter maintenance practices to focus on anti-icing rather than deicing procedures. In this study, researchers analyzed motor vehicle crashes with nonfatal injuries to determine whether winter weather safety was affected by the agency’s change from deicing with a sand and salt mix to an emphasis on all-salt anti-icing practices. Results suggest that anti-icing reduces the number of serious crashes. Nonfatal-injury crashes declined 19.2 percent between seven winters (1999-2006) when a sand-salt mix was used and seven winters (2006-2013) when only salt was used. Paper.
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Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Sodium Propionate for Snow and Ice Control
TRB Annual Meeting Paper 17-01094
In this study, researchers evaluated the deicing performance of sodium propionate, a common food additive. Field tests were supplemented by laboratory analysis, which tested freezing point, metal corrosion, ice melting performance, toxic constituents and damage to vegetation. Deicing occurred more quickly with sodium propionate than with sodium chloride, and almost no metal corrosion was detected. Researchers also evaluated a mix of sodium propionate (20 percent) and sodium chloride (80 percent). With this mixture, freezing point and ice melting performance was equivalent to sodium chloride alone, the harmful effects on vegetation were reduced, and metal corrosion was reduced by 80 percent, all at a lower cost. Paper.
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Optimal Placement of Iowa DOT Maintenance Garages: Muscatine and Dubuque Case Studies
Iowa Department of Transportation Report 15-534
In 2014, Iowa DOT evaluated the operational efficiency of maintenance garages in each of the state’s districts. In this effort, researchers conducted case studies of the garages in Muscatine and in Dubuque—both considered highest replacement priorities. This project developed an optimization-based approach to sustainable replacement, improvement and relocation of maintenance garages. In particular, an arc routing problem was formulated to design efficient routes for salting, prewetting and plowing. Algorithms were also developed to find optimal snow routes, and new garage locations were recommended to replace the existing Muscatine and Dubuque garages. Report.
The Use of Connected Vehicle Technology to Facilitate Multimodal Winter Travel (Phase I)
The Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education at the University of North Carolina will investigate how to use connected vehicle technologies to improve decision making for roadway operations during winter weather events. Smart snowplows, equipped with automatic vehicle location and other sensors, have been increasingly used as mobile data collection platforms. Connected vehicle data could supplement current technologies to improve system operations and potentially reduce vehicle crashes during changing weather conditions. In this phase of the study, researchers will conduct a literature review and national practitioner survey to identify the appropriate solutions, data needs and potential challenges in implementing connected vehicle technologies; identify best practices for monitoring winter road surface conditions; and make recommendations for using connected vehicle technology in winter road maintenance. Abstract.
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Meetings and Events | News | Research Reports | Research in Progress
North American Snow Conference
The American Public Works Association will host the 2017 North American Snow Conference April 23-26 in Des Moines, Iowa. The conference will feature more than 50 traditional educational sessions as well as new 20-minute Fast Track sessions running throughout the conference. The conference will also include the all-day Winter Maintenance Supervisor Certificate Program, a special session on Best Practices for Snow Fleets, a tour of the Waukee Public Works Facility, and an exhibit floor with technical sessions presented by exhibiting companies about how their products address needs in the snowfighting industry. Details.
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Presentations Available from 2016 International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation Weather
The Transportation Research Board has released presentations from its International Conference on Winter Maintenance and Surface Transportation Weather, held April 25-27, 2016, in Fort Collins, Colorado. Conference presentations addressed a range of topics, including decision support systems, equipment and materials, using connected vehicle data, resilience and climate change, and best management practices. Pre-conference sessions in eight topic areas include on-demand video of presentations. Presentations.
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Iowa DOT Introduces Winter Cost Calculator
To help the public better understand winter road maintenance costs, the Iowa Department of Transportation has released its Winter Cost Calculator. At any time, the calculator shows the last 48 hours of material costs, labor costs, equipment costs, pounds of salt applied, and labor hours involved in winter maintenance. Users can view statewide costs or zoom to a specific area of the map. The calculator includes preloaded bookmarks for Iowa’s seven largest metropolitan areas, and users can also bookmark locations of their choice. Iowa DOT hopes the tool will facilitate conversations about the level of service it can provide with the available maintenance budget. News release.
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Green Lights Improve Plow Visibility in Michigan
A $100 green lens has helped Michigan DOT fight rear-end accidents with winter maintenance vehicles. MDOT has installed green lenses on trucks during the past two years as lights are replaced. The green lights are more visible than white ones in a snowstorm, and in two years MDOT has not had any rear-end crashes with vehicles that have them installed. Use of the green lights was made possible by an amendment to the Michigan Vehicle Code that allows for the use of green on maintenance vehicles. News release.
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Identifying Best Practices for Snowplow Route Optimization
Clear Roads Project 14-07
Well-designed snowplow routes allow winter maintenance agencies to make the most effective use of their fleets. This project identified best practices for snowplow route optimization and facility placement for state DOTs. There are several commercial software packages that offer most or all of the most important features for route optimization. No routes generated are perfect, so winter maintenance professionals who fully understand operational constraints should review routes before they are implemented. Report.
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North American Study on Contracting Snow and Ice Response
Clear Roads Project 15-03
Many agencies have chosen to contract winter maintenance services to supplement in-house services on an as-needed basis or as a long-term replacement for in-house services. While the practice is widespread, there is little information available about the factors that can contribute to a successful contracting arrangement. Through a literature review and survey of transportation agencies, this project identified costs, benefits, best practices and complexities related to contracting winter maintenance services. A solid working partnership between agencies and contractors and clearly written contracts are important components of successful contracting. Report.
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Plug-and-Play Initiative: Phase II
Clear Roads Project 14-04
As winter road maintenance has become more data driven, the lack of interoperability among different systems has started to limit agencies’ ability to collect and share data. Clear Roads’ Plug-and-Play Initiative is working to develop data protocols to enable compatibility across winter maintenance equipment regardless of manufacturer or service provider. Previous work established a protocol to allow automatic vehicle location to communicate with spreader controllers, while this phase is laying the groundwork for open protocols to allow plow equipment to communicate with a central office or another point location. Report.
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Snowplow Truck Washing Practices: Synthesis Report
Clear Roads Synthesis 16-S1
Salt is essential to many winter maintenance operations, but it can damage the trucks used to apply it. This synthesis identified best practices for washing salt from maintenance vehicles, including the use of in-house wash bays and off-site commercial washing facilities. All 33 states responding to a survey reported doing at least some in-house washing, either with or without wash bays. While most wash bays are not automated, three states reported having at least one automated wash bay planned or in operation. The synthesis also investigated wastewater management practices, with discharging wastewater to a sanitary sewer the most common disposal practice. Report.
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Collaboration Across the Road Weather Enterprise: The Pathfinder Project
FHWA Report FHWA-HOP-16-086
The Pathfinder project was created in 2014 as a pilot project by California, Nevada, Utah and Wyoming to document state department of transportation interactions and working relationships with the National Weather Service and private-sector weather service providers. This report documents best practices across the agencies for disseminating consistent messages about weather and its impact on roads. It is intended to serve as a guidance document for improving collaboration and encourage further partnerships. Report.
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Field Test of Visibility Markers for Snow Maintenance Equipment
TRB Annual Meeting Paper 17-02142
Increased use of private contractors for highway snow removal in Ontario has led to inconsistency in marking and lighting winter maintenance vehicles. This research tested an updated standard for vehicle lighting and marking developed by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, which has now been published as a national guideline by the Transportation Association of Canada. Based on the results of those tests, the final standard includes a fluorescent yellow-green/black checkerboard with Type III/IV sheeting, constant amber and flashing blue LED light bars beside and above the checkerboard, red and white retroreflective tape outlining the checkerboard, and amber and blue rotating beacons on the roof of the cab and the top corners of the back of the vehicle. Report.
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Snow Fences for Reducing the Impacts of Snow Drifts on Highways: A Renewed Perspective
TRB Annual Meeting Paper 17-05215
This research reviewed literature and survey responses to improve the effectiveness of snow fences, particularly living snow fences, at eliminating blowing and drifting snow on roadways. Nearly all responding agencies have snow fence programs, and living snow fences are preferred by both DOTs and farmers due to their cost-effectiveness and benefits to the environment and landowners. Obtaining agreements to establish fences on productive land is a significant challenge. To develop science-based design and siting guidelines, numerical modeling can be used to simulate flow and snow transport around fences. Report.
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Field Testing of the Snowplow Driver Assistance System
California Department of Transportation Report CA17-2990
Caltrans has identified and begun testing a snowplow guidance system, originally developed at the University of Minnesota, to aid in snow removal operations in the Sierra Nevada mountains. This research continued Caltrans’ evaluation of the system through ride-along observations of operators using the system and informal interviews with plow drivers. The system worked well for both lane-keeping and obstacle detection purposes in above-freezing environments. However, icing on the radar enclosure caused the radar to malfunction, so the system cannot be used in whiteout conditions. A new radar enclosure design to address these issues has been developed but has not yet been tested. Report.
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Route Optimization, Phase 1
Ohio DOT Report 2016-20
Ohio DOT has a fleet of about 1,600 snowplow trucks that maintain 43,000 miles of roadway. ODOT has traditionally used county borders as maintenance boundaries for its garages. Advancements in route optimization, however, suggest that removing those borders may produce significant time and cost savings. This project used three ODOT districts as route optimization case studies. Broader implementation could reduce costs, improve driver safety, and guide future maintenance facility construction. Report.
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Assessment of Montana Road Weather Information System: Site Prioritization Model for Montana RWIS
Montana Department of Transportation Interim Report
Like many DOTs, the Montana Department of Transportation is expanding its RWIS program. Budgets limit the number of sites where MDT can install environmental sensor stations. Traditionally, site selection has been a subjective process based primarily on the expertise of DOT personnel and meteorologists, but there is a need for an objective prioritization model to guide future network expansion. This project proposed a scheme for evaluating sites based on weather conditions, highway network served, expected safety benefits, geographic coverage of existing stations in the area, and other factors. Report.
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Measuring Ice Melting Capacity Using Calorimetry
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting Paper 17-00115
A deicing product’s melting capacity is an important indicator of its applicability for use in winter maintenance. Standard American test methods for solid and liquid deicers have been shown to provide inadequate accuracy for research purposes, however. This paper describes how calorimetry, a measure of heat changes that occur in any chemical process, can be used to measure melting capacity. A custom-built calorimeter was more accurate than earlier test methods, such as ice cube titration or the shaker test. Report.
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Mechanism and Effects of Snow Accumulations and Controls by Lightweight Snow Fences
Journal of Modern Transportation, December 2016
This research used the computational fluid dynamics method to investigate snowdrifts caused by lightweight fences. Increased fence height increases the fence’s capacity to intercept snow as well as the distance between the fence and the second snow deposition zone. Fences with larger bottom gaps are recommended to ensure aerodynamic performance of vehicles due to accelerated airflows on the leeward side. Report.
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Performance of Concrete Pavement in the Presence of Deicing Salts and Deicing Salt Cocktails
Joint Transportation Research Program Report 2016/25
While sodium chloride is traditionally the most commonly used deicer, agencies have started using a variety of other materials to work at lower temperatures, reduce environmental impact or minimize corrosion. Some chloride-based salts can react with calcium hydroxide in concrete pavements to form calcium oxychloride, which can damage pavement, especially at the joints. This report documents the development of a standardized approach for assessing calcium oxychloride formation using low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry, and assesses the influence of blends of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on calcium oxychloride formation. Report.
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Effects of Winter Tire Type on Roughness and Polishing of Road Surfaces Covered with Ice and Compact Snow
European Transport Research Review, March 2017
This field study compared the effect of various proportions of studded and nonstudded tires on the roughness and polishing of ice- or compacted snow-covered road surfaces. On a test track, five lanes were driven 642 times apiece, but each lane was driven by a different proportion of cars with studded tires. Lanes where 0 or 25 percent of cars had studded tires had lower friction levels than lanes where at least half the driving passes were by cars with studded tires. However, increasing the proportion of studded tires beyond 50 percent did not improve friction further. Report.
Investigation of Alternative Deicers for Snow and Ice Control
This project will identify and evaluate alternatives to chlorides for snow and ice control operations. In particular, the project will focus on potassium acetate and potassium succinate to determine if they are cost-competitive, can meet level of service standards, and can reduce impacts to the environment and infrastructure. The work will include a literature review and laboratory testing of selected deicing products. Abstract.
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Techniques for Efficient Detection of Rapid Weather Changes and Analysis of Their Impacts on a Highway Network
Adverse weather conditions can significantly impact the safety and mobility of highway networks. This project will investigate methods to efficiently detect rapid changes in weather using a network of weather stations; analyze their impacts on travel speed, travel time and congestion; and forecast short-term traffic flow conditions following rapid weather changes. Abstract.
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Estimating the Application Rate for Liquid Chloride Products Based on Residual Salt Concentration on the Pavement
This project will determine and document the residual salt concentration on pavement after initial salt application during snow and ice control operations. This information can then be used to recommend modified application rates, which may help winter maintenance agencies reduce salt usage and improve sustainability while meeting necessary levels of service. Abstract.
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Evaluation of the Effects of Deicers on Concrete Durability
Rock salt and other deicers are known to damage concrete. There is little information available about the effects of anti-icing practices and newer deicers like calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and agricultural by-products on Wisconsin’s concrete highways relative to rock salt. This project will conduct a literature review and field survey to evaluate the impact of commonly used deicers and anti-icers on concrete slabs in Wisconsin. Researchers will make deicer and anti-icer recommendations considering public safety, concrete performance, roadway conditions and cost. Abstract.
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Locally Sourced Renewable Additives for Infrastructure-Friendly Snow/Ice Control Operations
A preliminary laboratory study suggested that a deicer additive sourced from apple pomace may inhibit corrosion more effectively than additives sourced from waste sugarbeet leaves. Washington State DOT has expressed interest in using the formulation in pre-wetting operations, and this project will attempt to develop innovative formulations using locally sourced agricultural waste and fruit by-products. Abstract.
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Meetings and Events | News | Research Reports | Research in Progress
2018 International Winter Road Congress Call for Papers
The World Road Association is seeking submissions of papers for its 15th International Winter Road Congress, taking place in Gdansk, Poland, February 20-23, 2018. The Congress will have a theme of “Providing Safe and Sustainable Winter Road Service,” and it is seeking papers specifically on extreme situations and disasters, climate change and the environment, road weather information, road users and safety, winter maintenance management and planning, equipment and products, winter service in urban areas, and tunnels and bridges. Abstracts must be submitted by December 31, 2016. Details.
APWA Reporter Features Clear Roads Salt Management Research
The October 2016 issue of the APWA Reporter includes “Twenty Ways to Save on Salt,” an overview of Clear Roads’ recent Roadway Salt Best Management Practices project. The article describes the Manual of Best Management Practices for Road Salt in Winter Maintenance created from that research, and how state and local agencies can use it to identify and implement practices that will allow them to reduce their spending on road salt while still meeting their winter maintenance performance goals. The October issue has a winter maintenance theme and also includes articles on green winter maintenance operations, succession planning, how technology can improve winter driving safety, winter weather forecasting, and the top ten issues in winter maintenance. Article.
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Roads & Bridges Winter Maintenance Supplement Features Clear Roads Research
In September, Roads & Bridges published a supplement focused on winter maintenance. Five feature articles discuss Clear Roads’ new Survey of State Winter Maintenance Data, findings from Clear Roads’ Use of Equipment Lighting During Snowplow Operations project, how Minneapolis is plowing bike lanes, winter maintenance on gravel and loose-top surfaces, and electronic spreader control systems. The issue also features a portfolio of winter maintenance products. Issue.
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Kentucky Wins Computerworld Award for Use of Data
The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet was one of 20 organizations winning 2016 Computerworld Data+ Editors’ Choice Awards, which recognize innovative uses of data analytics. KTC was recognized for its efforts to respond to extreme weather events by integrating geospatial technology from Esri, crowdsourced data, and real-time information with its existing Intelligent Transportation System. The ITS analyzes data from sources such as snowplow sensors, Twitter, Waze and the National Weather Service to provide real-time information that can be applied in decision-making. Article.
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Pacific Northwest Snowfighters Posts Conference Presentations
Presentations from the 2016 Pacific Northwest Snowfighters Conference, held June 7-8 in Portland, Oregon, are now available on the PNS website. More than 20 presentations cover topics such as connected vehicles, deicer toxicity, weather forecasting, training and TowPlow implementation. The presentations also include researcher Wilf Nixon’s keynote, “Winter Operations: Technology Today, Tomorrow, and in 5 Years.” Presentations (select “2016 PNS Conference Presentations”).
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Iowa State University Study Suggests Faster Plow Replacement Saves Money
In a study of plow maintenance costs, researchers at the Iowa State University College of Business found that Iowa DOT could save $2 million to $5 million per year by replacing its plows faster. IDOT currently replaces trucks after 15 years, but the study found that six or seven years would optimize replacement and maintenance costs. The researchers based their assessment on 10 years of IDOT maintenance records. They acknowledged that new classes of equipment can increase costs, however, and recommended continual analysis. Article.
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Illinois DOT Seeks Local Winter Maintenance Collaboration
Illinois DOT is asking local agencies for help maintaining certain state roads this winter as it awaits delivery of new plows and trucks. Due to state budgetary issues, the DOT was prohibited from purchasing new equipment for two years, depleting its fleet. While new purchases were authorized this summer, it may take up to a year for the equipment to be delivered. The DOT is asking local agencies to perform snow removal activities on “secondary state routes on a limited and reimbursable basis,” an IDOT spokeswoman said. Article.
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Connected Plows Help Fairbanks Fight Snow
Climate change is impacting Alaska’s winter weather, making freezing rain more common and making maintaining roads more difficult. The Fairbanks district of the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities uses a Road Weather Information System and Maintenance Decision Support System to help track conditions and select treatments. The RWIS stations, however, provide information for only a small number of the city’s roadways. To augment this information, the district is using on-vehicle sensors from WeatherCloud, which can collect data while traveling and transmit it to the MDSS. The district will evaluate the system’s impact on highway safety using crash data over three years. Article.
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Ohio DOT Plans to Expand Brine Usage
Ohio DOT hopes to reduce winter maintenance costs and improve performance by using more salt brine this year. The DOT has invested in liquids in the past few years, and one garage increased its liquid usage from 50,000 gallons in the 2014-15 winter to 800,000 gallons last year. An ODOT representative said the use of liquids reduces salt costs by 30 to 40 percent. Article.
Synthesis on GPS/AVL Equipment Used in Winter Maintenance
Clear Roads Report 14-01
Many states are interested in implementing GPS/AVL systems to collect information that will help them manage their winter maintenance programs more effectively. GPS/AVL is a relatively new, fast-developing technology, and the many options for hardware and for communicating the data collected to a data management system can make implementing a system complicated. This Clear Roads project developed a guide to the currently available GPS/AVL options and their capabilities, including the positive and negative experiences agencies have had with the technologies they have used. Researchers also identified issues that agencies should consider when implementing GPS/AVL equipment. Report.
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Mobile Real-Time Information System for Snow Fighter Supervisors
California Department of Transportation Report CA16-2299
Snow removal operations require extensive communications between snowfighters and supervisors to ensure that supervisors have adequate information for effective decision-making. This communication often takes place in challenging environments with poor cellular coverage. This project investigated cost-effective, reliable options for communications between Caltrans snowplows and supervisor vehicles, with a goal of developing a system using primarily off-the-shelf components. The researchers developed a system that constantly monitors for cellular signal availability and transmits stored data as soon as a sufficiently strong signal is available. Report.
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Improved Deicing Methods for Snow and Ice Removal: Evaluation of the Epoke Sander/Spreader for Caltrans Operations
California Department of Transportation Report CA16-2335
Caltrans’ salt and sand spreaders use dated technology due for replacement. This study evaluated the Epoke Sirius Combi 4900 spreader as a potential replacement for Caltrans’ fleet. The Epoke spreader was found to have the capability for combined liquid and solid pre-wet spreading, improved metering and material placement, and electronic data acquisition, which should modernize Caltrans’ winter maintenance fleet and improve its snowfighting efforts. Report.
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Evaluation of Software Simulation of Road Weather Information System
Illinois Center for Transportation Project R27-142
The Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model (EICM) is a computerized heat and moisture flow model that simulates changes in pavement and subgrade properties. EICM, a key module in AASHTO’s Pavement ME Design software, can “virtualize” data that would be gathered by conventional road weather information systems (RWIS). This study evaluated whether EICM could successfully supplement or replace RWIS hardware by determining pavement surface temperature for winter maintenance operations. Analysis showed that EICM can be used to predict pavement surface temperature reasonably well, if pavement materials are used at the correct thickness and recommended default values are used for material types. Report.
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Snowplow Operator Driving Time: Survey of State and Local Practices
Utah DOT Report UT-16.06
In February 2015, Utah DOT issued interim guidance regarding continuous working hours for its snowplow operators. This project investigated best practices for snowplow operator driving time to inform development of a formal policy that will replace this interim guidance. A literature search and surveys of state DOTs and UDOT region staff collected information about current snowplow operator driving time practices across the country. Recommendations include establishing 12-hour shifts with different limits in emergency conditions, specifying a minimum rest period between shifts that accommodates commute times, and considering reducing the level of service during extended storm events. Report.
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Snow & Ice Control Guidebook
Minnesota Local Road Research Board Report 2016RIC11
This project developed an easy-to-use reference guide to snow and ice control aimed at new or part-time winter maintenance staff. The guide describes snow and ice control strategies, snowplows and equipment, and winter maintenance materials, technologies, policies and best practices. The guide uses many photos throughout to clearly and quickly illustrate a wide range of topics, such as snowplow types, pavement condition definitions, or anti-icing material application that may not be familiar to people without a winter maintenance background. Report.
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Long-Term & Short-Term Measures of Roadway Snow and Ice Control Performance
University of Vermont Transportation Research Center Report 16-002
Managers need to have access to meaningful maintenance performance measures that accurately capture roadway conditions in order to effectively and efficiently respond to winter storms. The primary performance measures currently used are operating speed recovery time and time to achieve bare pavement, but there is a continued need for objective, outcome-based performance measures. This project developed and pilot-tested new performance measures, including a long-term, seasonal “time-to-normal” measure using readily available speed data; a short-term measure using real-time images collected by winter maintenance vehicles; and the Average Distribution Deviation that measures changes in the distribution of vehicle speeds. Report.
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Evaluating the Use of Tow Plows in Michigan
Michigan DOT Research Project SPR-1623
Michigan DOT conducted field testing of the Tow Plow on several different types of snow routes during winter storms of varying levels of severity. The goal of the project was to evaluate the costs and benefits of Tow Plow usage to determine where they can be used in a safe and economical manner. Data collected indicate there is no difference in pavement friction behind different types of plows or in their operating speeds, and the Tow Plow reduced overall travel delay during winter storms. The report recommended MDOT purchase three additional Tow Plows, increasing its fleet size to 17, and use them on six- and four-lane expressways during most winter storms. The project also developed a Tow Plow training video. Report.
Using Operational Data to Access Mobility and Crash Experience During Winter Conditions
Historically, the effectiveness of winter weather maintenance practices on safety and mobility has been difficult to quantify in a systematic way. Recent expansion of fixed and mobile sensors and improved data collection and archive practices can make performance assessment more feasible. This Iowa DOT project will identify and investigate potential applications of this expanded data availability in Iowa, with an emphasis on maintenance performance measurement and assessment. Abstract.
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Evaluation of Simulation Models for Road Weather Information System
Pavement surface temperature is an important indicator for deciding the optimal time to apply anti-icing agents and for estimating how much deicer is required to melt snow and ice. This University Transportation Research Center project will evaluate the applicability of simulation models for Road Weather Information Systems. Abstract.
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Meetings and Events | News | Research Reports | Research in Progress |
Snow and Ice Leadership Seminar
The Chicago Metro Chapter of the American Public Works Association will host its 2016 Public Works Snow and Ice Leadership Seminar September 8 in Addison, Illinois. The seminar will include sessions on measuring winter weather, using data for maintenance, winter maintenance on tollways, liability, and other topics. The event is aimed at public works managers, plow operators, winter maintenance contractors, property managers, and facility maintenance staff. Details.
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Mid Canada Snow Conference
The Manitoba Chapter of the Canadian Public Works Association will host the 5th Mid Canada Snow Conference and Trade Show October 12-13 in Winnipeg. The conference will feature an exhibition of materials, equipment, and technology; sessions on salt application and handling, equipment maintenance and management, liability, training, and more topics; a snow plow roadeo, and networking opportunities. Details.
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3rd Annual Alaska Snow Symposium
The Snowfighters Institute will host the 3rd Annual Alaska Snow Symposium in Anchorage September 27. The trade show will feature educational sessions on the trade show floor, as well as four speakers from the Snowfighters Institute and the snow and ice industry. Details.
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Michigan Winter Operations Conference
The Michigan Tech Center for Technology & Training will host the Michigan Winter Operations Conference October 18-19 in Bellaire. The conference will include more than 20 technical presentations, with a series for managers and supervisors and another for operators and mechanics. It will also feature a supplier showcase, with both indoor booths and outdoor equipment displays. Details.
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Managing Winter Operations Workshop
The Ontario Good Roads Association will hold a workshop on managing winter operations October 20 in Mississauga. The workshop will address what to expect at discovery meetings, the pros and cons of both digital and paper recordkeeping, an update on revisions to the Minimum Maintenance Standards, and more. Details.
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10th International Conference on Managing Fatigue
The 10th International Conference on Managing Fatigue will be held March 20-23, 2017, in San Diego, California. The conference focuses on the effects of fatigue in the transportation sector, including topics like measuring fatigue and fatigue risk, effects of fatigue on work accidents/incidents and commuting crashes, fatigue detection and management technologies, and the effect of operator workload on distraction and drowsiness. Details.
$60 Innovation Saves 30 Minutes Per Deicer Fill-Up
A $60 coupler and drain valve developed by an employee is reducing the amount of time it takes Idaho Transportation Department’s northern Idaho Office to refill truck deicer tanks from 40 minutes to 5 minutes or less. The innovation will save thousands of dollars and improve safety and mobility as trucks get back on the road more quickly. The system may also be applicable for other maintenance activities involving liquids, such as herbicide or pesticide spraying. Article.
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Iowa’s Salt Dashboard Helps Garages Use Salt Efficiently
As highlighted in Aurora’s eNews, Iowa DOT’s Salt Dashboard is helping winter maintenance decision makers to efficiently use salt resources. The Dashboard is an automated, web-based tool that compares the amount of salt used by each garage to targets based on salt application rate guidelines, weather information, lane miles and level-of-service expectations. The Dashboard can also provide analysis on a district or statewide level. Since the dashboard was implemented in 2012, Iowa DOT has saved more than $2.7 million on salt annually, in part by using information from the Dashboard. Article.
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Can Tinted Salt Improve Driver Satisfaction?
A Public Works article highlighted efforts made by the Columbus (Ohio) Department of Public Service to continually improve its winter operations. One recent innovation is adding a bright blue but non-staining tint to road salt to help residents identify whether a street has been treated after a winter storm. The agency has also developed the Warrior Watch webpage, which shows residents which streets have been plowed or treated in the previous 72 hours, as well as the priority of each road for treatment. The website is updated every 15 minutes based on information collected by sensors on winter maintenance vehicles. Article.
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MnDOT Plow Simulator Improves Safety
A $700,000 plow simulator, deemed the first of its kind, is brought around Minnesota as part of MnDOT’s training program to help plow drivers navigate a variety of scenarios. The simulator can replicate situations like blizzards, low-hanging power lines, or snow piles that conceal parked cars. Plow operators report that the simulator controls match the feel of trucks closely, and the simulator’s screens in front of and to the sides of the driver with 3-D effects make it feel real. Article.
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APWA Names Excellence in Snow and Ice Control Award Winners
The American Public Works Association presented its 2016 Excellence in Snow and Ice Control Awards at its North American Snow Conference in May. The winners were the City of Longmont, Colorado, Department of Public Works and Natural Resources; the Village of Buffalo Grove, Illinois, Public Works Department; and the Town of Orangetown, New York, Highway Department. The awards recognize excellence in management and administration of public works snow and ice operations and best practices in snow and ice removal while minimizing environmental impacts. Details.
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Ottawa Rejects Changes to Snow Plowing Standards
Ottawa’s transportation committee rejected a recommended change to the city’s plowing standards that would cause it to wait until 10 centimeters of snow have accumulated on residential streets before plowing. Ottawa currently has a seven-centimeter threshold for residential plowing, although most Canadian cities use the 10-centimeter standard. The proposal came from consultants KMPG, which Ottawa hired to review standards after four years of winter maintenance deficits. The switch was expected to save $1 million annually, but there were concerns about lack of consultation with the public and winter maintenance staff. Article.
Annual Survey of State Winter Maintenance Data
Clear Roads project
Clear Roads has released the first set of data from a multi-year project to systematically gather, compile and analyze data from state DOTs related to winter maintenance operations. The data can be displayed in table form or on an interactive map where users can select the specific pieces of data they wish to compare by state. Clear Roads plans to conduct the survey annually and update the dataset as more information is collected. Report.
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Evaluation of Cost Effective Protective Coatings for ODOT Snow & Ice Equipment
Ohio DOT Report 2016/11
Corrosion is a serious problem that results in more than $220 billion in losses nationwide every year. Winter maintenance equipment is particularly susceptible to corrosion as it is regularly exposed to corrosive deicing agents. Protective coatings may increase equipment lifetime and decrease maintenance costs, but there is limited data available about their effectiveness. This project conducted laboratory and field tests and a cost-benefit analysis to identify cost-effective coating systems. A draft standard based on the results recommends either Raptor or LCCOAT as a protective coating. Report.
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Bio-based Renewable Additives for Anti-icing Applications (Phase I)
Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates report
This project evaluated the performance and impacts of several mixes of dandelion extract, sugar beet extract, sodium metasilicate and sodium formate as additives to salt brine used in anti-icing applications. These additives are intended to minimize the brine’s impact on pavements, toxicity to aquatic life, and corrosivity to metals while improving ice-melting capacity. A water-based solution of 3% sugar beet extract, 0.67% sodium metasilicate, and 23% salt was selected as the best-performing anti-icer, but it had worse anticorrosion properties than other mixes tested. Report.
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Ensuring Accuracy of Roadway Surface Condition Sensors
California Department of Transportation Preliminary Investigation
Road Weather Information Systems use a variety of sensors to measure environmental and roadway conditions. It is difficult to verify the accuracy of roadway sensors in the field, however, so this verification is rarely done. This project conducted a literature review and interviews with experts and practitioners to identify methods of verifying the accuracy of sensors embedded in the roadway. Several sources suggested a trend away from in-pavement sensors toward mobile or remote sensors, and the use of multiple data sources to confirm accuracy. Report.
Identification and Recommendations for Correction of Equipment Factors Causing Fatigue in Snowplow Operators
Operator fatigue is a significant problem in winter maintenance, contributing to increased accident rates, lower productivity, and operator health issues. A recent Clear Roads study investigated the environmental factors that contribute to fatigue among snowplow operators. This related study will investigate equipment-related factors within the cab of winter maintenance vehicles that contribute to fatigue, with a focus on identifying and mitigating those factors. Abstract.
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Self-Deicing LED Signal for Railroad and Highway Intersections
This project, part of TRB’s Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) program, will develop and demonstrate a new type of self-deicing LED signal for highway and railroad intersections as replacement for existing LED signal lights that are too cool to deice or melt snow and may cause accidents in snowy conditions. The work is being carried out in three stages: a laboratory investigation that will develop prototypes in red, green, and yellow; outdoor testing to ensure the prototypes meet performance requirements; and field testing on signalized intersections and rail track sections. Abstract.
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Self-Deicing LED Signals
This pooled fund study led by the Kansas Department of Transportation will develop and validate multiple prototypes of a new type of self-deicing LED signal. The prototypes will be based on the “Heated Lens Lighting Arrangement” concept tested and patented in 2014. Abstract.
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Phase I: Developing the NDOR Winter Severity Index to Improve Safety and Mobility
Like many states, Nebraska uses primarily qualitative measures to evaluate the success of its winter maintenance activities. Weather is inherently variable and uncontrollable, so an important first step in quantitatively evaluating winter maintenance is to create an index to compare the severity of individual storms. This project will analyze the winter severity indexing procedures in other states as a preliminary step in developing an index for Nebraska. Abstract.
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